Dynamics Processing Effect Architecture

ABSTRACT

A method includes providing, for each respective audio channel of a plurality of audio channels provided by an operating system of a computing device, a set of successive audio processing stages to apply to the respective audio channel. The method also includes providing, by the operating system, an application programming interface (API) configured to set a plurality of parameters for adjusting the set of successive audio processing stages for each respective audio channel. The method additionally includes receiving, via the API and from an application running on the computing device, one or more values for one or more parameters of the plurality of parameters. The method further includes adjusting, by the operating system, the plurality of audio channels based on the received one or more values for the one or more parameters.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 16/862,213, filed Apr. 29, 2020 and titled“Dynamics Processing Effect Architecture,” which claims priority to U.S.patent application Ser. No. 16/401,264, filed May 2, 2019 and titled“Dynamics Processing Effect Architecture,” which claims priority to U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 62/668,142, filed May 7, 2018 andtitled “Dynamics Processing Effect Architecture,” each of which ishereby incorporated by reference in its entirety as if fully set forthin this description.

BACKGROUND

The present disclosure relates generally to processing audio signals.

SUMMARY

Aspects of the subject technology relate to dynamic audio processingeffects and software applications that may utilize such effects. Eachaudio channel provided by an operating system of a computing device isprovided with a set of successive audio stages (which may be termed“audio processing stages”) to apply to, or process, the audio channel(e.g., pre-EQ, multi-band compression, post-EQ, and a limiter). Theoperating system provides an application program interface (i.e., anapplication programming interface, or API, for short) to set parametersfor adjusting the set of successive audio stages for each audio channel.A set of parameters for adjusting the set of successive audio stages maybe received via the application program interface from an application(e.g., developed and provided by a third-party developer) running on thedevice. The operating system may then adjust the audio channels based onthe received set of parameters. Put another way, the operating systemmay process the audio channels using the set of successive audio stagesadjusted in dependence on the received set of parameters. In thismanner, a plurality of different applications may each utilize theseconfigurable audio channels to achieve a variety of desired audioprocessing effects. These applications thus do not have to separatelyimplement any audio processing algorithms to implement the desiredeffects. In some examples, this may lead to reduced latency in theoutput of the audio. The subject technology described herein may beutilized in a number of different ways, some of which are describedbelow, with one such use being for enhancing or compensating the hearingof a user.

Accordingly, in a first example embodiment, a computer-implementedmethod is provided that includes providing, for each respective audiochannel of a plurality of audio channels provided by an operating systemof a computing device, a set of successive audio stages to apply to therespective audio channel. The computer-implemented method also includesproviding, by the operating system, an API configured to set a pluralityof parameters for adjusting the set of successive audio stages for eachrespective audio channel. The computer-implemented method additionallyincludes receiving, via the API and from an application running on thecomputing device, one or more values for one or more parameters of theplurality of parameters. The computer-implemented method furtherincludes adjusting, by the operating system, the plurality of audiochannels based on the received one or more values for the one or moreparameters.

In a second example embodiment, a computing system is provided thatincludes an application configured to be executed by the computingsystem and an operating system configured to provide a plurality ofaudio channels. The computing system also includes a set of successiveaudio stages for each respective audio channel of the plurality of audiochannels to apply to the respective audio channel. The computing systemfurther includes an API configured to (i) set a plurality of parametersfor adjusting the set of successive audio stages for each respectiveaudio channel and (ii) receive, from the application, one or more valuesfor one or more parameters of the plurality of parameters. The operatingsystem is configured to adjust the plurality of audio channels based onthe received one or more values for the one or more parameters.

In a third example embodiment, a non-transitory computer-readablestorage medium is provided having stored thereon instructions that, whenexecuted by a computing device, cause the computing device to performoperations. The operations include providing, for each respective audiochannel of a plurality of audio channels provided by an operating systemof the computing device, a set of successive audio stages to apply tothe respective audio channel. The operations also include providing, bythe operating system, an API configured to set a plurality of parametersfor adjusting the set of successive audio stages for each respectiveaudio channel. The operations additionally include receiving, via theAPI and from an application executing on the computing device, one ormore values for one or more parameters of the plurality of parameters.The operations further include adjusting, by the operating system, theplurality of audio channels based on the received one or more values forthe one or more parameters.

In a fourth example embodiment, a system is provided that includes meansfor providing, for each respective audio channel of a plurality of audiochannels provided by an operating system of a computing device, a set ofsuccessive audio stages to apply to the respective audio channel. Thesystem also includes means for providing, by the operating system, anapplication programming interface (API) configured to set a plurality ofparameters for adjusting the set of successive audio stages for eachrespective audio channel. The system additionally includes means forreceiving, via the API and from an application running on the computingdevice, one or more values for one or more parameters of the pluralityof parameters. The system further includes means for adjusting, by theoperating system, the plurality of audio channels based on the receivedone or more values for the one or more parameters.

It is understood that other configurations of the subject technologywill become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from thefollowing detailed description, where various configurations of thesubject technology are shown and described by way of illustration. Aswill be realized, the subject technology is capable of other anddifferent configurations and its several details are capable ofmodification in various other respects, all without departing from thescope of the subject technology. Accordingly, the drawings and detaileddescription are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not asrestrictive.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide furtherunderstanding and are incorporated in and constitute a part of thisspecification, illustrate disclosed aspects and together with thedescription serve to explain the principles of the disclosed aspects.

FIG. 1 illustrates a sample flexible audio processing architecture,according to example aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 illustrates a sample flexible audio processing architecture,according to example aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 illustrates a sample nested parameter structure, according toexample aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 illustrates an instantiation example, according to exampleaspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 illustrates a sample process of a multi-band compressor,according to example aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 illustrates a sample list of parameter getters and setters in theMBC stage, according to example aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 7 illustrates a sample list of parameter getters and setters in alimiter and a sample process of the limiter stage, according to exampleaspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary multi-channel audio processing effect,according to example aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 9 illustrates a list of control parameters for a smart hearingfeature, according to example aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 10 illustrates sample accessibility service user interface screens,according to example aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 11 illustrates sample smart hearing user interfaces, according toexample aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 12 illustrates a sample multi-dimensional mapping, according toexample aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 13A and FIG. 13B illustrate a sample multi-dimensional mapping,according to example aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 14 illustrates an example network environment for dynamics audioprocessing effect, in accordance with the subject technology.

FIG. 15 conceptually illustrates an example electronic system with whichsome implementations of the subject technology can be implemented.

FIG. 16 illustrates a flow chart, according to example aspects of thepresent disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The detailed description set forth below is intended as a description ofvarious configurations of the subject technology and is not intended torepresent the only configurations in which the subject technology may bepracticed. The appended drawings are incorporated herein and constitutea part of the detailed description. The detailed description includesspecific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understandingof the subject technology. However, the subject technology is notlimited to the specific details set forth herein and may be practicedwithout these specific details. In some instances, structures andcomponents are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuringthe concepts of the subject technology.

Operating systems of computing devices, for example those targeted formobile devices, have simple built-in audio processing effects and offerlimited options to developers of applications to extend the capabilitiesof the built-in audio processing effects. Specifically, operatingsystems may be provided with audio processing architectures that arelimited to a fixed number of bands (e.g., frequency bands) forequalization (EQ), a multi-band compressor (MBC), and fixed sizes andfrequencies of the bands. However, utilizing the built-in audioprocessing effects available in the operating system platform may allowdevelopers of applications to access certain audio data paths (e.g.,telephonic audio signal path, etc.) of the computing devices that arenot directly accessible to the developers for security reasons. Theremay be audio processing solutions that may implementsimilar-but-still-different enough architectures/modules using thecommon built-in audio processing effects that are not flexible enoughfor developers. Thus, in order to realize the desirable audio processingeffects, the developers without the privileges of using built-in audioprocessing effects are required to build their own solutions that addcomplexity to the application designs.

In accordance with one or more implementations, methods and systems fordynamics processing effects of audio signals are herein disclosed.According to various aspects of the subject technology, a flexible audioprocessing architecture is built in the operating system of a computingdevice, and an interface (e.g., application program interface (API)) isprovided for applications to configure the built-in flexible audioprocessing architecture and achieve desirable audio signal processingeffects. That is, applications are allowed to access and configure theaudio processing architecture to generate a desired audio processingchain and use this chain to process audio waveforms. Accordingly, whenthese applications are being developed, the applications do not have toimplement independent and/or separate audio processing tools,algorithms, and/or processes. The applications may instead rely on theoperating system and the API to achieve a wide range of desired audioprocessing effects by assigning different values to the parametersexposed by the API.

FIG. 1 illustrates a sample flexible audio processing architecture 130,according to example aspects of the present disclosure. Flexible audioprocessing architecture 130 may be built in an operating system of thecomputing device. Flexible audio processing architecture 130 and the APIassociated with flexible audio processing architecture 130 may describean audio algorithm, process, and/or audio effects chain for solutions(e.g., software applications) that utilize multi-channel equalizationand/or multi-band compression. Flexible audio processing architecture130 may include a number of audio channels (e.g., K audio channels).Each audio channel may include successive audio stages. The successiveaudio stages may include an InputGain stage (not shown in FIG. 1), apre-equalization (Pre-EQ) stage 120, a multi-band compressor (MBC) stage122, a post-equalization (Post-EQ) stage 124, and a limiter stage 126.

Pre-EQ stage 120 may allow developers of applications toprogrammatically adjust the audio frequency, for example, from 20 Hz to20 kHz. Pre-EQ stage 120 may additionally allow developers to adjust thebalance between different frequency components present within an audiosignal. MBC stage 122 may lower the loud sounds while boosting the quietsounds without distorting the characteristics of the original audioinput. Post-EQ stage 124 may fine tune the sound before the limiterstage, allowing for further adjustments to the balance between differentfrequency components present within the audio signal generated by MBC122. Limiter stage 126 may prevent additional gain above a certainthreshold to protect the output audio from being loud and disruptive.That is, limiter 126 may help avoid saturation, and thus distortion, ofthe audio signal.

In some embodiments, the InputGain stage and Pre-EQ stage 120 may becombined into one stage. The audio data may be input successively to theInputGain stage, Pre-EQ stage 120, MBC stage 122, Post-EQ stage 124, andlimiter stage 126. Flexible audio processing architecture 130 providesEQ stages (e.g., Pre-EQ 120 and Post-EQ 124) before and after MBC stage122 to allow a wide range of audio processing effect for applications.Each stage in the successive audio stages may be enabled or disabled(e.g., turned on/off). For example, an enabled stage modifies the audiosignal according to parameters set by an application, and a disablestage lets the audio signal pass-through. Providing flexibility ofturning on/off the individual stage, which will be discussed later indetail, may allow flexible audio processing architecture 130 to beutilized by a variety of applications.

FIG. 2 illustrates a sample flexible audio processing architecture,according to example aspects of the present disclosure. Notably, theaudio processing architecture of FIG. 2 includes multiple instantiationsof architecture 130 shown in FIG. 1, thus forming multiple audiochannels. The flexible audio processing architecture may be built orimplemented in or as part of the operating system and may include anumber of audio channels (e.g., Channel 0 and Channel 1 through ChannelK−1) that receive audio inputs (e.g., Input 0 and Input 1 through InputK−1) from, for example, one audio source (e.g., a multi-channel audiosource).

Each audio channel may include the successive audio stages illustratedin FIG. 1. Namely, Channel 0 includes pre-EQ 200, MBC 202, post-EQ 204,and limiter 206, Channel 1 includes pre-EQ 210, MBC 212, post-EQ 214,and limiter 216, and Channel K−1 includes pre-EQ 220, MBC 222, post-EQ224, and limiter 226. The audio data is output (e.g., Output 0 andOutput 1 through Output K−1) from the audio channel after beingprocessed through the successive audio stages.

Each of the Pre EQ, MBC, and Post EQ stages may support a number ofbands (e.g., Band 0, Band 1, Band M−2, Band M−1). Each channel and eachstage in the channel may be configured based on parameters set, forexample, by an application by way of the API. In one or moreimplementations, all the parameters may be changed at runtime, or onlysome (or none) of the parameters might be changed at runtime.Additionally, each channel and/or each stage thereof may be modifiableindependently of other channels and stages. In one example, the numberof bands N in the pre-EQ stage may be independently modifiable for eachof Channels 0 and 1 through K−1. That is, each of pre-EQ 200, 210, and220 may be assigned a different value for N using the parameters.Similarly, the number of bands M for the MBC stages and the number ofbands 0 for the post-EQ stages may be independently modifiable for eachchannel by way of the parameters. Alternatively, in another example, thenumber of bands N in the pre-EQ stage may be the same for each ofChannels 0 and 1 through K−1. That is, each of pre-EQ 200, 210, and 220may be assigned the same value for N using the parameters. Similarly,the number of bands M for the MBC stages and the number of bands O forthe post-EQ stages may be the same for each channel. Notably, thenumbers of bands N, M, and O may each be assigned different valuesindependently of one another.

FIG. 3 illustrates a sample nested parameter structure, according toexample aspects of the present disclosure. The audio processing effectsmay be instantiated and controlled by a channel-based nested structurewith parameters. An instantiation example according to example aspectsof the present disclosure is illustrated in FIG. 4. An applicationprogram interface (API) may be provided for developers of applicationsby way of which the built-in flexible audio processing architecture maybe configured for achieving desirable audio signal processing effects.Namely, FIG. 4 illustrates programmatic code 400 that invokes functionsprovided by the API to set a plurality of the parameters shown in FIG.3. In some implementations, the details of the implementation of the APIand/or the API functions may be hidden (e.g., from applicationdevelopers). Accordingly, the same API may be shared among differentmachines, computer processing unit (CPU) architectures, and/or vendorsfor different implementations. That is, a uniform interface may beutilized by applications that allows implementation details of the APIor its functions to be ignored by developers.

In one example, this approach may allow for Frequency Domain and/or TimeDomain implementations of the effects. In some cases, the particularimplementation utilized by an application may be selected and fine-tunedwith some extra parameters (e.g., an additional parameter whose valuedetermines whether the Frequency Domain or Time Domain implementation isutilized). The setPreferredFrameDuration( ) method, invoked inprogrammatic code 400, may be used to set a desirable frame duration(e.g., in milliseconds) and to set the effect variant to be time orfrequency domain. Time domain implementation may have less algorithmiclatency, but may be less flexible for specific frequency band cut-offs.Frequency domain implementations may have more latency, but may be moreflexible for working with different number of bands, unexpected changeof the bands, specific frequency band cut-offs, and parameters for thesefrequency bands. The frequency domain implementation using a short-timeFourier transform algorithm and overlap-add methods may help select anarbitrary number of bands with arbitrary cross overs to find suitablecontrol parameters. Additional implementations may be included asrequired or desired.

The API allows applications to set parameters for each channel and eachstage in the channel. The API is provided for applications to select anumber of channels (e.g., set the value for K) utilized to process audiosignal according to the number of channels required to achieve adesirable audio signal processing effect. Each monophonic channel may betreated as an independent channel. For example, a stereo signal mayinclude two channels: zero and one, and a 5.1 surround signal may havesix independent channels.

Returning to FIG. 3, each stage that supports bands (e.g., Pre-EQ 200,MBC 202, and Post-EQ 204), may include a different number of bands.Thus, EQ parameters 330 include a variable BAND_COUNT 336 fordesignating the number of frequency bands. The API allows theapplication to select a number of bands in the Pre EQ, MBC, and Post EQstages by setting a parameter value for “BAND_COUNT” (i.e., BAND_COUNT336 and BAND_COUNT 346) in each of the stages. In some implementations,the same type of stages may be provided with the same number of bandsacross each of the K channels.

Each band may have a different cutoff frequency (e.g., FREQUENCY_CUT-OFF376, as indicated by EQ band parameters 370, and FREQUENCY_CUT-OFF 383,as specified by MBC band parameters 380) as specified by an application.The API allows the application to select the cutoff frequency for eachband in the stages. Each band may be turned on/off, as indicated byvariables ENABLED 372 and ENABLED 381.

Similarly, each stage may be turned on/off. The API allows theapplication to enable or disable any of the stages by setting aparameter for “ENABLED” in each of the stages, as indicated by variablesENABLED 334, ENABLED 344, and ENABLED 354. For example, the applicationmay turn on/off each stage by specifying a particular value for theseparameters. An enabled stage will modify the audio signal according toparameters specified by application, while a disabled stage willpass-through the audio signal without modification.

The limiter at the end of the chain on each channel may help limit theoutput of the sound if the sound exceeds a certain saturation threshold,thus avoiding oversaturation in the channel. For example, the API allowsthe application to set a saturation threshold in the limiter by settingthe parameter for “THRESHOLD”. The limiters from different channels arelinked by a LINK GROUP parameter (represented by variable LINK GROUP356) to allow the channels to react in a similar manner if any of thelinked limiters is engaged. Namely, if any of the linked limiters isengaged, all the other linked channels are affected in the same manner.Thus, for example, when a stereo signal saturates one of the channels,the stereo image is not abruptly shifted to one channel, but remainsstable by controlling all the channels based on the respective limitersin similar manner. For example, when the output of the left stereochannel in attenuated by the respective limiter to 90% of its originalvalue, the output of the right stereo channel may also be attenuated to90% by its limiter, thus preserving the relative amplitude between thechannels.

EQ parameters 330, MBC parameters 340, and limiter parameters 350 mayadditionally include variables IN USE 332, IN USE 342, and IN USE 352,respectively, which may indicate whether the corresponding stage isactively being used or is configured to process audio. In someimplementations, when variables IN USE 332, IN USE 342, and/or IN USE352 indicate (e.g., at start-up of the operating system, theapplication, and/or the audio processing effects) that one or more ofthe corresponding audio stages are deactivated, the operating system mayde-allocate computing resources that would otherwise be dedicated to theone or more corresponding audio stages. Limiter parameters 350 mayfurther specify ATTACK_TIME 358, RELEASE_TIME 360, RATIO 362, THRESHOLD364, and POST GAIN 366, each of which may further define how, forexample, limiter 206 processes the audio signal. Similarly, EQ bandparameters 370 of bands 338 may include BAND_COUNT 374 (e.g., 5^(th) outof N bands) and GAIN 378. MBC band parameters 380 of bands 348 mayinclude BAND_COUNT 382, ATTACK_TIME 384, RELEASE_TIME 385, RATIO 386,THRESHOLD 387, KNEEW_WIDTH 388, NOISE_GATE_THRESHOLD 389, EXPANDER_RATIO390, PRE-GAIN 391, and POST-GAIN 392. Further, each of Channel 0,Channel 1, and Channel K−1 may be associated with corresponding inputgains 300, 310, and 320. Notably, other implementations may include moreparameters or fewer parameters than illustrated in FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 illustrates a sample process of a multi-band compressor,according to example aspects of the present disclosure. Specifically,FIG. 5 graphically illustrates a transfer function of one of thefrequency bands of the MBC that shows a relationship between an input ofthe MBC (i.e., MBC input 514 shown on the horizontal axis) and an outputof the MBC (i.e., MBC output 516 shown on the vertical axis). Notably,the lower the number along the horizontal or vertical axis, the quieterthe physical sound represented thereby (e.g., −10 represents a loudersound than −90). The API allows parameters to be set for the MBC stageto process audio signal input from the Pre-EQ stage and output to thePost-EQ stage. For example, as shown in FIG. 5, noise gate threshold512, knee width 504, threshold 508, expander ratio 510, and compressionratio 506 may be specified by the parameters from the application.

FIG. 5 additionally shows input waveform 500 of the audio signal andoutput waveform 502 to illustrate the difference in the audio signalbefore the signal processing of the MBC is applied and after the signalprocessing of the MBC is applied, respectively. While input waveform 500includes a portion having a relatively high amplitude (e.g., leftportion thereof) and a portion having a relatively low amplitude (e.g.,right portion thereof), output waveform 502 compresses and expands,respectively, these portions of input waveform 500. Thus, outputwaveform 502 represents a smaller range of amplitudes. Notably, thegraph of FIG. 5 may correspond to a single frequency band supported bythe MBC. Thus, additional similar graphs may be used to illustrate theinput-output transfer functions of other frequency bands of the MBC.

FIG. 6 illustrates a sample list of parameter getters 600 (e.g., APIfunctions used to obtain a current value of a parameter) and setters 602(e.g., API functions used to modify a value of a parameter) in the MBCstage, according to example aspects of the present disclosure. Notably,parameter getters 600 and parameters setters 602 correspond to a subsetof MBC band parameters 380 shown in FIG. 3. FIG. 7 illustrates a samplelist of parameter getters 720 and setters 722 in the limiter stageaccording to example aspects of the present disclosure. Parametergetters 720 and parameters setters 722 correspond to a subset of limiterparameters 350 shown in FIG. 3. FIG. 7 also illustrates graph 724 of anexample input-output transfer function of the limiter stage. Namely,graph 724 illustrates limiter input 726 on along the horizontal axis,limiter output 728 along the vertical axis, threshold 730 of the limiterstage, and limiter ratio 732 of the limiter stage.

The flexible audio processing architecture allows developers ofapplications to easily configure the audio processing effects to satisfythe actual signal flow required for the applications byenabling/disabling stages and configuring bands and frequency limitsalong with other available parameters.

In some implementations, audio for different media may be post-processedin a studio to have enhanced dynamic range and equalization depending onthe distribution media. However, with the flexible audio processingarchitecture capable of being applied on a high resolution audio file,the dynamic ranges and equalization may be adapted to different outputson the computing device to play back the audio file, or may be saved forfurther distribution of the audio file.

In some implementations, algorithms to help enhance hearing may beadapted to the flexible audio processing architecture. Using theconfigurable bands and multi-band compressor along with EQ forcompensation, many types of hearing enhancing algorithms may beimplemented. Similar configuration may be used in the flexible audioprocessing architecture for use of personal sound amplifiers. That is,various audio processing algorithms/processes may be generated by way ofthe API that are similar to those provided by hearing aids or othersound amplifiers.

In some implementations, algorithms to adapt the output level to atarget level to compensate loudness may be implemented with the dynamicsaudio processing effects of the subject technology.

FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary multi-channel audio processing effect,according to example aspects of the present disclosure. Specifically,FIG. 8 illustrates microphone 820 configured to capture and/or generatean audio signal, left parameters 800 that specify the manner in whichpre-EQ and gain 804, MBC 806, post-EQ and gain 808, and limiter 810operate, right parameters 802 that specify the manner in which pre-EQand gain 812, MBC 814, post-EQ and gain 816, and limiter 818 operate,and speakers 822 configured to generate an audible representation of theprocessed audio signal.

In one or more implementation, a computing device may include a smarthearing feature. The smart hearing feature may utilize a post processingaudio effect (e.g., dynamic audio processing effects) that implementsaudio processing to enhance the sound using the flexible audioprocessing architecture. The smart hearing feature may also utilize anaccessibility service that provides an accessibility service userinterface (UI) screen to initiate the smart hearing feature and controlthe parameters and presets for the sound.

In some embodiments, the smart hearing feature may be invoked when auser enables the smart hearing feature from the accessibility menuprovided by the accessibility service, when headsets or headphones(e.g., wired, wireless) are connected to the computing device, when aparticular application is started on the computing device, and/or when abutton or combination of buttons is pressed. The sound may be capturedby the microphone of the computing device or a microphone of the headsetconnected to the computing device (e.g., either of which may berepresented by microphone 820). The accessibility service UI screen mayallow the user to control the level and overall effects and processes ofthe sound along with the source of the microphone.

The API for the flexible audio processing architecture allows anapplication (e.g., accessibility service) to individually set parameters(e.g., parameters 800 and 802) for each channel (e.g., audio channel forleft ear and audio channel for right ear) to enhance or compensate thehearing of the user. For example, in compensating hearing, each ear maybe treated independently with its own set of parameters for processingaudio signals. The source signal (e.g., coming from a single microphone820) may be the same for left and right ears (i.e., the left and rightoutput of microphone 820 may be the same), but parameters are set foreach ear (i.e., left parameters 800 and right parameters 802)independently to provide personalization and fine tuning of the audiosignal to enhance or compensate for user's hearing.

As illustrated in FIG. 8, the source audio signal (generated, e.g., bymicrophone 820 connected to the computing device) may be the same forleft and right channels and may be input through the flexible audioprocessing architecture. The left channel processes the audio signalthrough the successive audio stages 804, 806, and 808 in the leftchannel based on the parameters set by the application (i.e., leftparameters 800), and the audio signal reaches limiter 810 in the leftchannel. The right channel processes the audio signal through thesuccessive audio stages 812, 814, and 816 in the right channel based onthe parameters (i.e., right parameters 802) set by the application, andthe audio signal reaches limiter 818 in the right channel.

The limiters 810 and 818 of the left channel and the right channel,respectively, may be connected (e.g., by way of a LinkGroup parameter)to be in sync and preserve the stereo image in case one of the channelsis engaged. For example, when the application sets a saturationthreshold for the limiter and limiter 810 of the left channel detectsthat the audio signal exceeds the set threshold, limiter 818 of theright channel may be configured to limit the output of the audio signalin a similar manner as limiter 810 of the left channel. For example,when left limiter 810 attenuates an amplitude of the signal providedthereto by 15%, right limiter 818 may similarly attenuate the amplitudeof the signal provided thereto by 15%. Thus, the limiters of both leftand right channels may be connected to be in sync and preserve thestereo image in case one of the limiters is saturated.

FIG. 9 illustrates a list of control parameters 900 for the smarthearing feature, according to example aspects of the present disclosure.Notably, FIG. 9 illustrates a subset of the parameters illustrated inFIG. 3 selected to be modified to achieve the desired audio processingcharacteristic for the smart hearing feature. FIG. 9 illustratesparameters selected for each of the pre-EQ stage, the MBC stage, thepost-EQ stage, and the limiter stage. Parameters not illustrated in FIG.9 may, for example, remain set at their respective default values orvalues that are predetermined in other ways.

FIG. 10 illustrates sample accessibility service UI screens 1000, 1002,and 1004, according to example aspects of the present disclosure. Theaccessibility service provided by the computing device or operatingsystem thereof allows the computing device to improve sound. Theaccessibility service may allow real-time microphone input for pickingup and modifying sound from the immediate environment of the computingdevice. Specifically, an application called, for example, “SoundAmplifier” may be used to improve the sound. As illustrated in UI 1000,this application may be enabled by way of an “Accessibility” menuprovided by the operating system. Namely, when UI icon 1006 is selected,the operating system may provide UI 1002, allowing the user to enablethe “Sound Amplifier” application/service by way of UI icon 1008 (e.g.,by selecting the checkbox therein).

Enabling of the “Sound Amplifier” accessibility service by way of UIicon 1008 may cause the operating system to provide UI 1004 by way ofwhich parameters of the service may be adjusted. Namely, accessibilityservice UI screen 1004 provided by the accessibility service may beprovided with sliders (e.g., two sliders per channel, including aloudness slider and a tuning slider) that represent the parameters insimplified form, and offer intuitive manipulation of the parameters toachieve the audio signal processing effect that satisfy the users of thecomputing device.

Notably, the developers of applications may be able to directly utilizethe API for the flexible audio processing architecture. That is, thedevelopers may be able to directly modify any of the parameters shownin, for example, FIG. 3. However, directly controlling the parameters ofthe flexible audio processing architecture of the computing devices mayrequire technical knowledge of audio signal processing. Accordingly, insome implementations, users may be presented with the UIs illustrated inFIG. 10 (e.g., UI 1004) to simplify selection of the parameters. Forexample, values selected by way of the “Left Loudness” slider, the “LeftTuning” slider, the “Right Loudness” slider, and the “Right Tuning”slider in UI 1004 may be mapped to the plurality of different parametersavailable for adjustment (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 3).

FIG. 11 illustrates another sample smart hearing UIs 1100 and 1102,according to example aspects of the present disclosure. Theaccessibility service allows users of the computing device to access thesmart hearing features, for example, by selecting icon 1112 (“PersonalSound Amplification”) by way of UI 1100. Alternatively, in someembodiments, an icon may be presented on a display of the computingdevice (e.g., on a home screen thereof) as a shortcut to access thesmart hearing features. Thus, although the accessibility service (e.g.,UI 1100) may be the main access point for the smart hearing feature, ashortcut to access the accessibility service may be available for theusers outside of the Accessibility menu. Selection of the shortcutand/or icon 1112 may cause the operating system to provide UI 1102 byway of which the parameters of the smart hearing feature may bemodified. Notably, UI 1102 may be an alternative implementation of UI1004.

As illustrated in FIG. 11, smart hearing UI 1102 may offer users of thecomputing device the ability to control audio channels for the left andright ears simultaneously. That is, by not checking the checkbox in UIelement 1110, a user may indicate that the left and right channels areto be adjusted simultaneously, rather than independently as in UI 1004.In such a case, the number of sliders may be reduced from two slidersper ear, as shown in UI 1004 of FIG. 10, to a total of two sliders 1104and 1106, as shown UI 1102 in FIG. 11. However, as shown in FIG. 10, thesmart hearing UI 1004 may also allow for independent control overparameters for audio channels of the left and right ears (e.g., when thecheckbox in UI element 1110 is selected). User interface 1102 may alsopresent an option (e.g., by way of UI element 1108) for selectingwhether the application is to use the built-in microphone of thecomputing device or a headset microphone connected to the computingdevice.

The accessibility service of the operating system (represented by, e.g.,UIs 1000, 1002, 1004, 1100, and 1102) may utilize the API to dynamicallyadjust the flexible audio processing architecture. The accessibilityservice may detect and verify that a headphone device is connected tothe computing device. When the headphone device is detected, theaccessibility service may determine whether to use the microphones builtin the computing device or the detected headphone device. Theaccessibility service may control the starting and stopping of therecording of the ambient sound through the selected microphone. Theaccessibility service may (e.g., based on user selection) adjust themultiple audio channels (e.g., right ear and left ear) simultaneously,or may adjust the multiple audio channels independently from each other.The accessibility service may store in a memory of the computing devicethe preferred parameters to be used or applied in certain circumstances(e.g., in specific locations, at particular times, etc.).

FIG. 12 illustrates a sample multi-dimensional mapping, according toexample aspects of the present disclosure. Based on the parameters setthrough UI 1004 of FIG. 10, 1102 of FIG. 11, and/or 1202 of FIG. 12, theaccessibility service may utilize the API to map the reduced parameters(e.g., the 2 or 4 parameters set by way of the sliders) provided bythese UIs to all the parameters of the flexible audio processingarchitecture (e.g., the parameters shown in FIG. 3). For example, UI1202 may provide the user the ability to control two audio channels(e.g., left and right) through two sliders 1204 and 1206 in UI 1202.These two sliders 1204 and 1206, however, have been reduced from (i.e.,represent) over 100 parameters available in the flexible audioprocessing architecture. Thus, the operating system and/or the softwareapplication may utilize mapping 1200 to determine, based on the valuesset for one or more UI sliders (e.g., 1204 and 1206), the values for theplurality of parameters exposed by way of the API, and/or vice versa.

Thus, mapping 1200 may represent a mathematical transformation orembedding that relates values of the API parameters to values of the 2,4, or other number of sliders (or other UI elements by way of whichvalues can be provided) provided by way of UI 1004, 1102, and/or 1202.Notably, mapping 1200 may be configurable to accommodate a variety ofpossible numbers of sliders or UI elements. That is, mapping 1200 may bean R:P mapping, where R represents the number of values acquired by wayof the UI, R represents the number of API parameters, and the values ofP and R can vary among implementations. For example, UI 1202 illustratesan additional noise reduction slider 1208 that allows for adjustment ofan extent of noise reduction applied to the audio signal by the flexibleaudio processing architecture. Noise reduction slider 1208 may, forexample, set a noise amplitude threshold below which a signal isconsidered to be noise. The value set by noise reduction slider 1208may, depending on the values of loudness 1204 and tuning 1206, affectdifferent frequencies to different extents, as dictated by mapping 1200.Thus, the example of user UI 1202 may dictate that R is equal to three.In other examples, additional similar sliders or UI elements may beprovided for adjusting other aspects of the audio signal, thus allowingfor other values of R.

FIG. 13A illustrates a sample multi-dimensional mapping 1300, accordingto example aspects of the present disclosure. Specifically, mapping 1300represents projections of various candidate combinations of values ofthe plurality of parameters exposed by way of the API onto a twodimensional space defined by boost 1302 and tone 1304. Notably, in someimplementations, boost 1302 may correspond to the loudness set by way ofUIs 1004, 1102, and/or 1202, while tone 1304 may correspond to the toneset by these UIs. Thus, each point in mapping 1300 corresponds to aparticular combination of values for the audio parameters exposed by theAPI. By collecting a large number of such projections for a variety ofdifferent combination of parameter values, the boost-tone space may bedensely populated with data points. Accordingly, when target values arespecified for boost 1302 and tone 1304, these values may define a targetpoint within mapping 1300. By finding, within mapping 1300, a pointclosest to the target point and determining the parameter valuescorresponding to this closest point, parameters to be set by way of theAPI may be determined. In another example, a plurality of pointssurrounding the target point (e.g., within a threshold distance of thetarget point) may be determined, and the parameter values associatedwith each of these points may be interpolated to determine parameters tobe set by way of the API for the target point.

In some implementations, dimensionality reduction and principalcomponent analysis may be performed to reduce the total number ofparameters exposed by the API to those provided by the user interface(e.g., to determine mapping 1300), thus allowing the users to easilynavigate the parameter space of the audio parameters via the UI.Notably, mapping 1300 may be one example of mapping 1200.

FIG. 13B illustrates results of an analysis of thresholds of hearingsounds emitted by various sources under various conditions. For example,a large collection of data related to hearing thresholds (gathered,e.g., across a plurality of different environmental noise conditions) ofhearing impaired users and average/normal hearing users were analyzed.Threshold shifts (i.e., changes in minimum audible amplitude of soundhaving a particular frequency) that occurred based on environmentalnoise (e.g., restaurants, cafeterias, theaters, etc.) were analyzedalong with the audio content (e.g., conversations, movie audios, music,performances, etc.) that the listeners were interested in hearing.

Specifically, FIG. 13B illustrates a graph of how audible sounds are(i.e., sound pressure level in decibels (dB SPL) 1308, represented alongthe vertical axis) as a function of the sound frequency (i.e., Hertz(HZ) 1306, represented along the horizontal axis). Curve 1310illustrates a baseline threshold of hearing in a quiet environment. Thatis, curve 1310 indicates how loud a sound of a given frequency needs tobe before it is heard by a human ear. Similarly, curve 1312 illustratesthreshold shift (e.g., relative to curve 1310) of hearing in anenvironment that contains audible noise. Further, curve 1314 illustratesthreshold shift (e.g., relative to curve 1310) of hearing due tolistening conditions.

A formula to navigate the parameter space may be developed and maximizedbased on the analysis of the collected data. The formula allows theparameters exposed by way of the UIs in FIG. 10 and FIG. 11 to berelated to the plurality of parameters exposed by the API. By takinginto account the analysis shown in FIG. 13B, the parameters may berelated in a frequency-dependent and ambient condition-dependent manner,such that certain frequencies are boosted to different extents dependingon the listening conditions and/or noise conditions present at a giventime.

FIG. 14 illustrates an example network environment 100 for dynamicsaudio processing effect in accordance with the subject technology. Thenetwork environment 100 includes computing devices 102, 104, and 106,server 110, and storage 112. In some aspects, the network environment100 can have more or fewer computing devices (e.g., 102-106) and/orserver (e.g., 110) than those shown in FIG. 14.

Each of the computing devices 102, 104, and 106 can represent variousforms of processing devices that have a processor, a memory, andcommunications capability. The computing devices 102, 104, and 106 maycommunicate with each other, with the server 110, and/or with othersystems and devices not shown in FIG. 14. By way of non-limitingexample, processing devices can include a desktop computer, a laptopcomputer, a handheld computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), acellular telephone, a network appliance, a camera, a smart phone, anenhanced general packet radio service (EGPRS) mobile phone, a mediaplayer, a navigation device, an email device, a game console, awired/wireless headphone/headset, a wearable device, or a combination ofany of these processing devices or other processing devices.

Each of the computing devices 102, 104, and 106 may be provided with aflexible audio processing architecture and an API for application toconfigure the built-in flexible audio processing architecture forachieving desirable audio signal processing effects. The application maybe installed on the computing devices 102, 104, and 106 as a clientapplication. The computing devices 102, 104, and 106 may be associatedwith a single user. Preferred API parameters set for the flexible audioprocessing architecture may be transmitted to and received from server110 via network 108.

The network 108 can be a computer network such as, for example, a localarea network (LAN), wide area network (WAN), the Internet, a cellularnetwork, or a combination thereof connecting any number of mobileclients, fixed clients, and servers. Further, the network 108 caninclude, but is not limited to, any one or more of the following networktopologies, including a bus network, a star network, a ring network, amesh network, a star-bus network, tree or hierarchical network, and thelike. In some aspects, communication between each client (e.g.,computing devices 102, 104, and 106) and server (e.g., server 110) canoccur via a virtual private network (VPN), Secure Shell (SSH) tunnel,Secure Socket Layer (SSL) communication, or other secure networkconnection. In some aspects, network 108 may further include a corporatenetwork (e.g., intranet) and one or more wireless access points.

Server 110 may represent a single computing device such as a computerserver that includes a processor and a memory. The processor may executecomputer instructions stored in memory. The server 110 is configured tocommunicate with client applications (e.g., applications) on clientdevices (e.g., the computing devices 102, 104, and 106) via the network108. For example, the server 110 may transmit the preferred APIparameters received from the computing device 102 to the computingdevice 106 when the user switches the device from the computing device102 to the computing device 106. In one or more implementations, thecomputing device 102, the computing device 104, the computing device106, or the server 110 may be, or may include all or part of, theelectronic system components that are discussed below with respect toFIG. 15.

For example, the preferred parameters may be associated with a userprofile (e.g., user of the computing device 102, 104, or 106) or adevice profile (e.g., computing device 102, 104, or 106). The preferredparameters associated with a user profile may be shared among variousdevices (e.g., computing device 102, 104, or 106) used by the user. Forexample, when the user switches from the first device (e.g., computingdevice 102) to the second device (e.g., computing device 106), thepreferred parameters for a music playing application on the first device(e.g., computing device 102) may be shared from the second device (e.g.,computing device 106) if the second device has the music playingapplication installed. In some embodiments, the preferred parameters maybe shared via the server 110. The preferred parameters associated with adevice (e.g., computing device 104) profile may be applied globally toapplications installed on the computing device (e.g., computing device104).

To the extent that the systems discussed herein collect personalinformation about users, or may make use of personal information, theusers may be provided with an opportunity to control whether programs orfeatures collect user information (e.g., information about a user'scontacts, a user's preferences, or a user's current location). The usersmay also be provided with options to turn on or turn off certainfeatures or functions provided by the systems. In addition, certain datamay be treated in one or more ways before it is stored or used, so thatpersonally identifiable information is removed. For example, a user'sidentity may be treated so that no personally identifiable informationcan be determined for the user, or a user's geographic location may begeneralized where location information is obtained (such as to a city,zip code, or state level), so that a particular location of a usercannot be determined. Thus, the user may have control over howinformation is collected about the user and used by the systems.

In some embodiments, when the speaker on a computing device may notaccommodate low frequencies, a speaker tuning application providedthrough an application may utilize the flexible audio processingarchitecture and the API to set parameters to utilize the EQ features ofthe flexible audio processing architecture to compensate the lack of lowfrequencies of the speaker.

In some embodiments, an application may utilize the flexible audioprocessing architecture and the API to accommodate the ambient noise bysetting the parameters for the MBC to reduce a loud noise and turning upa quiet sound.

In some embodiments, the API of the flexible audio processingarchitecture may have access to a database including informationregarding types of speakers or microphones. Based on the types ofspeakers or microphones used in an application, the API may includeparameters to compensate for the sound output through the speaker orpicked up through the microphone. For example, when the speaker on acomputing device does not accommodate low frequencies, the flexibleaudio processing architecture may be set to compensate the lack of lowfrequencies of the speaker.

In some embodiments, a microphone connected to the computing device maypick up the sound output from the computing device. Based on the soundpicked up from the microphone, the flexible audio processingarchitecture may be adjusted to dynamically tune the sound to improvethe quality of the sound.

In some embodiments, the user may set a mode so that the flexible audioprocessing architecture processes the audio signals such that a certainsound (e.g., explosion sounds in a movie) is reduced and a certain othersound (e.g., dialogues in a movie) is maintained or pronounced whensounds (e.g., a movie) are output through the speaker of a computingdevice (e.g., mobile device).

In some embodiments, operating systems of computing devices prohibitapplications to directly access telephone audio data paths. Having theflexible audio processing architecture and the API built in theoperating system of the computing device allows the applications to setparameters to modify the telephone audio signal without directlyaccessing the telephone audio data path.

In some embodiments, the subject technology of the flexible audioprocessing architecture built in the operating system provides forreducing latency in, for example, playing a movie on a computing device.Because the flexible audio processing architecture is provided withinthe operating system, the audio of the movie does not need to beenhanced in the application and transmitted to the operating system.That is, the application may transmit the audio and the necessaryparameters to the flexible audio processing architecture via the API,reducing the latency to cause by the audio being processed in theapplication. Thus, the image and the audio of the movie synchronize.

FIG. 15 conceptually illustrates an example electronic system 700 withwhich some implementations of the subject technology can be implemented.Electronic system 700 can be a computer, phone, personal digitalassistant (PDA), or any other sort of electronic device. Such anelectronic system includes various types of computer readable media andinterfaces for various other types of computer readable media.Electronic system 700 includes a bus 708, processing unit(s) 712, asystem memory 704, a read-only memory (ROM) 710, a permanent storagedevice 702, an input device interface 714, an output device interface706, and a network interface 716.

Bus 708 collectively represents all system, peripheral, and chipsetbuses that communicatively connect the numerous internal devices ofelectronic system 700. For instance, bus 708 communicatively connectsprocessing unit(s) 712 with ROM 710, system memory 704, and permanentstorage device 702.

From these various memory units, processing unit(s) 712 retrievesinstructions to execute and data to process in order to execute theprocesses of the subject disclosure. The processing unit(s) can be asingle processor or a multi-core processor in different implementations.

ROM 710 stores static data and instructions that are needed byprocessing unit(s) 712 and other modules of the electronic system.Permanent storage device 702, on the other hand, is a read-and-writememory device. This device is a non-volatile memory unit that storesinstructions and data even when electronic system 700 is off. Someimplementations of the subject disclosure use a mass-storage device (forexample, a magnetic or optical disk, or flash memory) as permanentstorage device 702.

Other implementations use a removable storage device (for example, afloppy disk, flash drive) as permanent storage device 702. Likepermanent storage device 702, system memory 704 is a read-and-writememory device. However, unlike storage device 702, system memory 704 isa volatile read-and-write memory, such as a random access memory. Systemmemory 704 stores some of the instructions and data that the processorneeds at runtime. In some implementations, the processes of the subjectdisclosure are stored in system memory 704, permanent storage device702, or ROM 710. For example, the various memory units includeinstructions for displaying graphical elements and identifiersassociated with respective applications, receiving a predetermined userinput to display visual representations of shortcuts associated withrespective applications, and displaying the visual representations ofshortcuts. From these various memory units, processing unit(s) 712retrieves instructions to execute and data to process in order toexecute the processes of some implementations.

Bus 708 also connects to input and output device interfaces 714 and 706.Input device interface 714 enables the user to communicate informationand select commands to the electronic system. Input devices used withinput device interface 714 include, for example, alphanumeric keyboards,pointing devices (also called “cursor control devices”), and soundcapturing devices (e.g., microphones). Output device interfaces 706enables, for example, the display of images generated by the electronicsystem 700. Output devices used with output device interface 706include, for example, printers, display devices (e.g., cathode ray tubes(CRT) or liquid crystal displays (LCD)), and sound playback and/ortransmission device (e.g., speakers). Some implementations includedevices, for example, a touchscreen that functions as both input andoutput devices.

Finally, as shown in FIG. 15, bus 708 also couples electronic system 700to a network (not shown) through a network interface 716. In thismanner, the computer can be a part of a network of computers (forexample, a LAN, a WAN, or an Intranet, or a network of networks, forexample, the Internet). Any or all components of electronic system 700can be used in conjunction with the subject disclosure.

FIG. 16 illustrates flow chart 1600 of operations related to using audioprocessing stages provided by an operating system. The operations may beexecuted by and/or used with any of computing devices 102-106,electronic system 700, or other ones of the preceding exampleembodiments.

Block 1602 involves providing, for each respective audio channel of aplurality of audio channels provided by an operating system of acomputing device, a set of successive audio stages to apply to therespective audio channel.

Block 1604 involves providing, by the operating system, an applicationprogramming interface (API) configured to set a plurality of parametersfor adjusting the set of successive audio stages for each respectiveaudio channel.

Block 1606 involves receiving, via the API and from an applicationrunning on the computing device, one or more values for one or moreparameters of the plurality of parameters.

Block 1608 involves adjusting, by the operating system, the plurality ofaudio channels based on the received one or more values for the one ormore parameters.

In some embodiments, the application may be provided by a third-partydifferent from a provider of the operating system of the computingdevice.

In some embodiments, the set of successive audio stages for eachrespective audio channel may include one or more of: (i) an input gainstage, (ii) a pre-equalization stage, (iii) a multi-band compressionstage, (iv) a post-equalization stage, or (v) a limiter stage.

In some embodiments, the plurality of parameters for adjusting the setof successive audio stages for each respective audio channel mayinclude, for each respective audio stage of the successive audio stages,a first parameter for enabling or disabling the respective audio stage.

In some embodiments, when the respective audio stage is enabled, audiodata received by the respective audio channel may be modified accordingto a subset of the plurality of parameters for the respective audiostage. When the respective audio stage is disabled, the audio data maybe passed through the respective audio stage unmodified.

In some embodiments, a first audio stage of the set of successive audiostages may be adjustable to support a first number of frequency bands. Asecond audio stage of the set of successive audio stages may beadjustable to support a second number of frequency bands. The one ormore values for the one or more parameters may indicate (i) a firstsubset of the first number of frequency bands to which to adjust thefirst audio stage and (ii) a second subset of the second number offrequency bands to which to adjust the second audio stage.

In some embodiments, the first number of frequency bands may bedifferent from the second number of frequency bands.

In some embodiments, the one or more values for the one or moreparameters may indicate (i) a first cut-off frequency of a firstfrequency band of a plurality of frequency bands supported by a firstaudio stage of the set of successive audio stages and (ii) a secondcut-off frequency of a second frequency band of the plurality offrequency bands.

In some embodiments, the first cut-off frequency may be different fromthe second cut-off frequency.

In some embodiments, the set of successive audio stages for eachrespective audio channel may include a limiter stage. A first limiterstage of a first audio channel may be linked to a second limiter stageof a second audio channel such that, when the first limiter stageattenuates an output of the first audio channel by a first extent, thesecond limiter stage attenuates an output of the second audio channel bya second extent proportional to the first extent.

In some embodiments, a stereo audio signal may be defined by the firstaudio channel and the second audio channel.

In some embodiments, the API may provide a plurality of API functions byway of which the plurality of parameters are adjustable. Receiving theone or more values for the one or more parameters may involve receiving(i) a request for execution of one or more API functions of theplurality of API functions corresponding to the one or more parametersand (ii) the one or more values as respective inputs to the one or moreAPI functions. Adjusting the plurality of audio channels based on thereceived one or more values may involve executing the one or more APIfunctions with the one or more values as respective inputs.

In some embodiments, the API may be configured to adjust one or moreadditional values of one or more additional parameters of the pluralityof parameters based on at least one of: (i) a type of microphone used bythe application or (ii) a type of speaker used by the application.

In some embodiments, the plurality of audio channels may include a leftaudio channel and a right audio channel. The application may beconfigured to enhance a hearing of a user by receiving, from amicrophone connected to the computing device, an audio signal. Theapplication may provide the audio signal to (i) the left audio channeland (ii) the right audio channel. The audio signal may be modified bythe left audio channel according to a first set of parameters of theleft audio channel. The audio signal may be modified by the right audiochannel according to a second set of parameters of the right audiochannel. The application may receive (i) a first output of the leftaudio channel and (ii) a second output of the right audio channel. Theapplication may further generate, by way of a first speaker connected tothe computing device, a left output sound based on the first output,and, by way of a second speaker connected to the computing device, aright output sound based on the second output.

In some embodiments, the plurality of parameters may be a plurality ofAPI parameters. The one or more values of the one or more parameters maybe first one or more values of one or more API parameters. Theapplication may be configured to provide a user interface by way ofwhich a plurality of application parameters for adjusting the set ofsuccessive audio stages for each respective audio channel is adjustable.The plurality of application parameters may include fewer parametersthan the plurality of API parameters. The application may receive, byway of the user interface, second one or more values for one or moreapplication parameters of the plurality of application parameters. Theapplication may also determine a mapping between (i) the one or moreapplication parameters and (ii) the one or more API parameters. Theapplication may further determine the first one or more values based onthe mapping and the second one or more values.

In some embodiments, the second one or more values may be received byway of one or more sliders provided by way of the user interface.

In some embodiments, the application may be configured to determine theone or more values for the one or more parameters based on one or moreof: (i) a geolocation of the computing device, (ii) noise conditions inan environment of the computing device, (iii) a time of day, (iv) userpreferences associated with the computing device, or (v) output of anartificial intelligence algorithm.

Many of the above-described features and applications are implemented assoftware processes that are specified as a set of instructions recordedon a computer readable storage medium (also referred to as computerreadable medium). When these instructions are executed by one or moreprocessing unit(s) (e.g., one or more processors, cores of processors,or other processing units), they cause the processing unit(s) to performthe actions indicated in the instructions. Examples of computer readablemedia include, but are not limited to, magnetic media, optical media,electronic media, etc. The computer readable media does not includecarrier waves and electronic signals passing wirelessly or over wiredconnections.

In this specification, the term “software” is meant to include, forexample, firmware residing in read-only memory or other form ofelectronic storage, or applications that may be stored in magneticstorage, optical, solid state, etc., which can be read into memory forprocessing by a processor. Also, in some implementations, multiplesoftware aspects of the subject disclosure can be implemented assub-parts of a larger program while remaining distinct software aspectsof the subject disclosure. In some implementations, multiple softwareaspects can also be implemented as separate programs. Finally, anycombination of separate programs that together implement a softwareaspect described here is within the scope of the subject disclosure. Insome implementations, the software programs, when installed to operateon one or more electronic systems, define one or more specific machineimplementations that execute and perform the operations of the softwareprograms.

A computer program (also known as a program, software, softwareapplication, script, or code) can be written in any form of programminglanguage, including compiled or interpreted languages, declarative orprocedural languages, and it can be deployed in any form, including as astandalone program or as a module, component, subroutine, object, orother unit suitable for use in a computing environment. A computerprogram may, but need not, correspond to a file in a file system. Aprogram can be stored in a portion of a file that holds other programsor data (e.g., one or more scripts stored in a markup languagedocument), in a single file dedicated to the program in question, or inmultiple coordinated files (e.g., files that store one or more modules,sub programs, or portions of code). A computer program can be deployedto be executed on one computer or on multiple computers that are locatedat one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by acommunication network.

These functions described above can be implemented in digital electroniccircuitry, in computer software, firmware, or hardware. The techniquescan be implemented using one or more computer program products.Programmable processors and computers can be included in or packaged asmobile devices. The processes and logic flows can be performed by one ormore programmable processors and by one or more programmable logiccircuitry. General and special purpose computing devices and storagedevices can be interconnected through communication networks.

Some implementations include electronic components, for example,microprocessors, storage, and memory that store computer programinstructions in a machine-readable or computer-readable medium(alternatively referred to as computer-readable storage media,machine-readable media, or machine-readable storage media). Someexamples of such computer-readable media include RAM, ROM, read-onlycompact discs (CD-ROM), recordable compact discs (CD-R), rewritablecompact discs (CD-RW), read-only digital versatile discs (e.g., DVD-ROM,dual-layer DVD-ROM), a variety of recordable/rewritable DVDs (e.g.,DVD-RAM, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, etc.), flash memory (e.g., SD cards, mini-SDcards, micro-SD cards, etc.), magnetic or solid state hard drives,read-only and recordable Blu-Ray® discs, ultra-density optical discs,any other optical or magnetic media, and floppy disks. Thecomputer-readable media can store a computer program that is executableby at least one processing unit and includes sets of instructions forperforming various operations. Examples of computer programs or computercode include machine code, for example, is produced by a compiler, andfiles including higher-level code that are executed by a computer, anelectronic component, or a microprocessor using an interpreter.

While the above discussion primarily refers to microprocessor ormulti-core processors that execute software, some implementations areperformed by one or more integrated circuits, for example, applicationspecific integrated circuits (ASICs) or field programmable gate arrays(FPGAs). In some implementations, such integrated circuits executeinstructions that are stored on the circuit itself.

As used in this specification and any claims of this application, theterms “computer”, “server”, “processor”, and “memory” all refer toelectronic or other technological devices. These terms exclude people orgroups of people. For the purposes of the specification, the termsdisplay or displaying means displaying on an electronic device. As usedin this specification and any claims of this application, the terms“computer readable medium” and “computer readable media” are entirelyrestricted to tangible, physical objects that store information in aform that is readable by a computer. These terms exclude any wirelesssignals, wired download signals, and any other ephemeral signals.

To provide for interaction with a user, implementations of the subjectmatter described in this specification can be implemented on a computerhaving a display device, e.g., a CRT or LCD monitor, for displayinginformation to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device, e.g., amouse or a trackball, by which the user can provide input to thecomputer. Other kinds of devices can be used to provide for interactionwith a user as well; for example, feedback provided to the user can beany form of sensory feedback, e.g., visual feedback, auditory feedback,or tactile feedback; and input from the user can be received in anyform, including acoustic, speech, or tactile input. In addition, acomputer can interact with a user by sending documents to and receivingdocuments from a device that is used by the user; for example, bysending web pages to a web browser on a user's client device in responseto requests received from the web browser.

Embodiments of the subject matter described in this specification can beimplemented in a computing system that includes a back end component,e.g., as a data server, or that includes a middleware component, e.g.,an application server, or that includes a front end component, e.g., aclient computer having a graphical user interface or a web browserthrough which a user can interact with an implementation of the subjectmatter described in this specification, or any combination of one ormore such back end, middleware, or front end components. The componentsof the system can be interconnected by any form or medium of digitaldata communication, e.g., a communication network. Examples ofcommunication networks include a local area network (LAN) and a widearea network (WAN), an inter-network (e.g., the Internet), andpeer-to-peer networks (e.g., ad hoc peer-to-peer networks).

The computing system can include clients and servers. A client andserver are generally remote from each other and typically interactthrough a communication network. The relationship of client and serverarises by virtue of computer programs running on the respectivecomputers and having a client-server relationship to each other. In someembodiments, a server transmits data (e.g., an HTML, page) to a clientdevice (e.g., for purposes of displaying data to and receiving userinput from a user interacting with the client device). Data generated atthe client device (e.g., a result of the user interaction) can bereceived from the client device at the server.

It is understood that any specific order or hierarchy of steps in theprocesses disclosed is an illustration of example approaches. Based upondesign preferences, it is understood that the specific order orhierarchy of steps in the processes may be rearranged, or that allillustrated steps be performed. Some of the steps may be performedsimultaneously. For example, in certain circumstances, multitasking andparallel processing may be advantageous. Moreover, the separation ofvarious system components in the embodiments described above should notbe understood as requiring such separation in all embodiments, and itshould be understood that the described program components and systemscan generally be integrated together in a single software product orpackaged into multiple software products.

The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in theart to practice the various aspects described herein. Variousmodifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilledin the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied toother aspects. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to theaspects shown herein, but are to be accorded the full scope consistentwith the language claims, where reference to an element in the singularis not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically sostated, but rather “one or more”. Unless specifically stated otherwise,the term “some” refers to one or more. Pronouns in the masculine (e.g.,his) include the feminine and neuter gender (e.g., her and its) and viceversa. Headings and subheadings, if any, are used for convenience onlyand do not limit the subject disclosure.

As used herein, the phrase “at least one of” preceding a series ofitems, with the term “and” or “or” to separate any of the items,modifies the list as a whole, rather than each member of the list (e.g.,each item). The phrase “at least one of” does not require selection ofat least one of each item listed; rather, the phrase allows a meaningthat includes at least one of any one of the items, and/or at least oneof any combination of the items, and/or at least one of each of theitems. By way of example, the phrases “at least one of A, B, and C” or“at least one of A, B, or C” each refer to only A, only B, or only C;any combination of A, B, and C; and/or at least one of each of A, B, andC.

Phrases such as an aspect, the aspect, another aspect, some aspects, oneor more aspects, an implementation, the implementation, anotherimplementation, some implementations, one or more implementations, anembodiment, the embodiment, another embodiment, some embodiments, one ormore embodiments, a configuration, the configuration, anotherconfiguration, some configurations, one or more configurations, thesubject technology, the disclosure, the present disclosure, othervariations thereof and alike are for convenience and do not imply that adisclosure relating to such phrase(s) is essential to the subjecttechnology or that such disclosure applies to all configurations of thesubject technology. A disclosure relating to such phrase(s) may apply toall configurations, or one or more configurations. A disclosure relatingto such phrase(s) may provide one or more examples. A phrase such as anaspect or some aspects may refer to one or more aspects and vice versa,and this applies similarly to other foregoing phrases.

All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the variousaspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or latercome to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expresslyincorporated herein by reference and intended to be encompassed by thesubject technology. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to bededicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure isexplicitly recited in the above description. No claim element is to beconstrued under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. § 112, sixth paragraph,unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” or,in the case of a method claim, the element is recited using the phrase“step for.” Furthermore, to the extent that the term “include”, “have”,or the like is used in the description or the claims, such term isintended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprise” as“comprise” is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in aclaim.

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer-implemented method performed by acomputing device comprising (i) a non-transitory computer-readablestorage medium having stored thereon instructions that define anoperating system and an application programming interface (API) and (ii)a processor configured to execute the instructions, thecomputer-implemented method comprising: providing, for each respectiveaudio channel of a plurality of audio channels provided by the operatingsystem of the computing device, a set of successive audio stages toapply to the respective audio channel; providing, by the operatingsystem, the API, wherein the API is configured to assign values to aplurality of API parameters for adjusting the set of successive audiostages for the respective audio channel; receiving, via the API, firstone or more values of one or more reduced parameters of a plurality ofreduced parameters for adjusting the set of successive audio stages forthe respective audio channel, wherein the plurality of reducedparameters comprises fewer parameters than the plurality of APIparameters; determining second one or more values of one or more APIparameters of the plurality of API parameters based on (i) the first oneor more values and (ii) a mapping between the one or more reducedparameters and the one or more API parameters; and adjusting, by theoperating system, the plurality of audio channels based on the secondone or more values of the one or more API parameters.
 2. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: providing auser interface by way of which the plurality of reduced parameters isadjustable; and receiving, by way of the user interface, a specificationof the first one or more values.
 3. The computer-implemented method ofclaim 1, wherein the one or more reduced parameters comprise one or moreof: a loudness parameter, a tuning parameter, or a noise reductionparameter, and wherein the one or more API parameters comprise one ormore of: an input gain parameter, a pre-equalization parameter, amulti-band compression parameter, a post-equalization parameter, or alimiter parameter.
 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1,wherein at least one of the first one or more values of the one or morereduced parameters or the second one or more values of the one or moreAPI parameters are based on one or more of: (i) a geolocation of thecomputing device, (ii) noise conditions in an environment of thecomputing device, (iii) a time of day, (iv) user preferences associatedwith the computing device, (v) an output of an artificial intelligencealgorithm, (vi) a type of microphone used by the computing device or(vii) a type of speaker used by the computing device.
 5. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the second one or morevalues of the one or more API parameters indicate (i) a first cut-offfrequency of a first frequency band of a plurality of frequency bandssupported by a first audio stage of the set of successive audio stagesand (ii) a second cut-off frequency of a second frequency band of theplurality of frequency bands.
 6. The computer-implemented method ofclaim 5, wherein the first cut-off frequency is different from thesecond cut-off frequency.
 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 1,wherein the one or more API parameters comprises, for each respectiveaudio stage of the set of successive audio stages, a particularparameter for enabling or disabling the respective audio stage, wherein,when the respective audio stage is enabled, audio data received by therespective audio channel is modified by the respective audio stage, andwherein, when the respective audio stage is disabled, the audio data ispassed through the respective audio stage unmodified.
 8. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the first one or morevalues of the one or more reduced parameters are received from asoftware application executed by the computing device, and wherein thesecond one or more values of the one or more API parameters aredetermined by the operating system.
 9. The computer-implemented methodof claim 1, wherein a first audio stage of the set of successive audiostages is adjustable to support a first number of frequency bands,wherein a second audio stage of the set of successive audio stages isadjustable to support a second number of frequency bands, and whereinthe second one or more values of the one or more API parameters indicate(i) a first subset of the first number of frequency bands to which toadjust the first audio stage and (ii) a second subset of the secondnumber of frequency bands to which to adjust the second audio stage. 10.The computer-implemented method of claim 9, wherein the first number offrequency bands is different from the second number of frequency bands.11. A computer-implemented method performed by a computing devicecomprising (i) a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium havingstored thereon instructions that define an operating system, anapplication programming interface (API), and an application and (ii) aprocessor configured to execute the instructions, thecomputer-implemented method comprising: providing, by the operatingsystem, (i) a plurality of audio channels comprising a first audiochannel and a second audio channel and (ii) a set of successive audiostages for each respective audio channel of the plurality of audiochannels to apply to the respective audio channel; providing, by theoperating system, the API, wherein the API is configured to assignvalues to a plurality of parameters for adjusting the set of successiveaudio stages for the respective audio channel; receiving, by the API andfrom the application, one or more values of one or more parameters ofthe plurality of parameters; adjusting, by the operating system, theplurality of audio channels based on the one or more values of the oneor more parameters; receiving, from the application and by the firstaudio channel and the second audio channel, an audio signal; modifyingthe audio signal by the first audio channel according to a first set ofparameters of the first audio channel and by the second audio channelaccording to a second set of parameters of the second audio channel; andgenerating (i), by way of a first speaker, a first output sound based ona first output of the first audio channel and (ii), by way of a secondspeaker, a second output sound based on a second output of the secondaudio channel.
 12. The computer-implemented method of claim 11, whereinthe audio signal comprises a stereo audio signal that includes a leftaudio signal and a right audio signal, wherein the first audio channelis configured to receive the left audio signal and modify the left audiosignal according to the first set of parameters, and wherein the secondaudio channel is configured to receive the right audio signal and modifythe right audio signal according to the second set of parameters. 13.The computer-implemented method of claim 11, wherein the set ofsuccessive audio stages for the respective audio channel comprises oneor more of: (i) an input gain stage, (ii) a pre-equalization stage,(iii) a multi-band compression stage, (iv) a post-equalization stage, or(v) a limiter stage.
 14. The computer-implemented method of claim 11,wherein a first audio stage of the set of successive audio stages isadjustable to support a first number of frequency bands, wherein asecond audio stage of the set of successive audio stages is adjustableto support a second number of frequency bands, and wherein the one ormore values of the one or more parameters indicate (i) a first subset ofthe first number of frequency bands to which to adjust the first audiostage and (ii) a second subset of the second number of frequency bandsto which to adjust the second audio stage.
 15. The computer-implementedmethod of claim 14, wherein the first number of frequency bands isdifferent from the second number of frequency bands.
 16. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 11, wherein the one or more valuesfor the one or more parameters indicate (i) a first cut-off frequency ofa first frequency band of a plurality of frequency bands supported by afirst audio stage of the set of successive audio stages and (ii) asecond cut-off frequency of a second frequency band of the plurality offrequency bands.
 17. The computer-implemented method of claim 16,wherein the first cut-off frequency is different from the second cut-offfrequency.
 18. The computer-implemented method of claim 11, wherein theset of successive audio stages for each respective audio channelcomprises a limiter stage, wherein a first limiter stage of the firstaudio channel is linked to a second limiter stage of the second audiochannel such that, when the first limiter stage attenuates an output ofthe first audio channel by a first extent, the second limiter stageattenuates an output of the second audio channel by a second extentproportional to the first extent.
 19. A computing system comprising: aprocessor; and a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium havingstored thereon instructions that, when executed by the processor, causethe processor to perform operations comprising: providing, for eachrespective audio channel of a plurality of audio channels provided by anoperating system, a set of successive audio stages to apply to therespective audio channel; providing, by the operating system, an APIconfigured to assign values to a plurality of API parameters foradjusting the set of successive audio stages for the respective audiochannel; receiving, via the API, first one or more values of one or morereduced parameters of a plurality of reduced parameters for adjustingthe set of successive audio stages for the respective audio channel,wherein the plurality of reduced parameters comprises fewer parametersthan the plurality of API parameters; determining second one or morevalues of one or more API parameters of the plurality of API parametersbased on (i) the first one or more values and (ii) a mapping between theone or more reduced parameters and the one or more API parameters; andadjusting, by the operating system, the plurality of audio channelsbased on the second one or more values of the one or more APIparameters.
 20. The computing system of claim 19, wherein at least oneof the first one or more values of the one or more reduced parameters orthe second one or more values of the one or more API parameters arebased on one or more of: (i) a geolocation of the computing system, (ii)noise conditions in an environment of the computing system, (iii) a timeof day, (iv) user preferences associated with the computing system, (v)an output of an artificial intelligence algorithm, (vi) a type ofmicrophone used by the computing system or (vii) a type of speaker usedby the computing system.